What is often a consequence of inadequate compaction in asphalt layers?

Inadequate compaction in asphalt layers can lead to several issues, and each of these problems can significantly impact the longevity and performance of the roadway.

Potholes are often formed when water infiltrates cracks in the surface, exacerbated by poor compaction, which can result in weak points within the asphalt layer. This allows for accelerated damage, especially under repeated traffic loads.

Cracks can develop as a result of insufficient compaction because the air voids left within the asphalt layer can cause it to be more susceptible to temperature fluctuations and stress. As these voids expand and contract, they can lead to structural failure in the form of cracks.

Surface raveling occurs when the aggregate particles within the asphalt mix begin to come loose. Inadequate compaction fails to create a strong bond among these particles, allowing them to displace under the stress of traffic, water, and weather conditions.

Thus, the correct response indicates that all these consequences are potential results of inadequate compaction in asphalt layers, demonstrating the importance of achieving proper compaction during road construction.